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Background  There is little information about the frequency of  Leishmania  infection in asymptomatic people living with HIV (PLWH) and about the performance of laboratory diagnostic methods in coinfected patients in Latin America. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency of  Leishmania  spp. infection in HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil.    Methods  To detect  Leishmania  infection, diagnostic tests were performed to detect anti- Leishmania  antibodies (ELISA using  Leptomonas seymouri  antigens; ELISA using rK39 antigens; ELISA using rK28 antigens; indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT); direct agglutination test (DAT)) and  Leishmania  DNA (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the target genes kDNA and ITS-1).    Results  The frequency of at least one positive test was 15%. For ELISA using  Leptomonas  antigens and IFAT, there was an association between CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and test positivity, with a higher positivity of these tests in more immunosuppressed patients (CD4+ T cell count < 200/mm 3 ).    Conclusions  According to our data, there was a high prevalence of  Leishmania  spp. infections in this population living with HIV. Although there is the possibility of cross-reaction, some tests that are considered highly specific for the diagnosis of  Leishmania  infection were positive. There was also an association between the positivity of some tests studied and lower values of CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Frequency of Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in an urban area in Brazil: a cross-sectional study