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Two different Cd2+ uptake systems were identified inLactobacillus plantarum . One is a high-affinity, high-velocity Mn2+ uptake system which also takes up Cd2+ and is induced by Mn2+ starvation. The calculatedKm andV max are 0.26 μM and 3.6 μmol g of dry cell−1 min−1 , respectively. Unlike Mn2+ uptake, which is facilitated by citrate and related tricarboxylic acids, Cd2+ uptake is weakly inhibited by citrate. Cd2+ and Mn2+ are competitive inhibitors of each other, and the affinity of the system for Cd2+ is higher than that for Mn2+ . The other Cd2+ uptake system is expressed in Mn2+ -sufficient cells, and noKm can be calculated for it because uptake is nonsaturable. Mn2+ does not compete for transport through this system, nor does any other tested cation, i.e., Zn2+ , Cu2+ , Co2+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Fe2+ , or Ni2+ . Both systems require energy, since uncouplers completely inhibit their activities. Two Mn2+ -dependentL. plantarum mutants were isolated by chemical mutagenesis and ampicillin enrichment. They required more than 5,000 times as much Mn2+ for growth as the parental strain. Mn2+ starvation-induced Cd2+ uptake in both mutants was less than 5% the wild-type rate. The low level of long-term Mn2+ or Cd2+ accumulation by the mutant strains also shows that the mutations eliminate the high-affinity Mn2+ and Cd2+ uptake system.

Characterization of Cadmium Uptake in Lactobacillus plantarum and Isolation of Cadmium and Manganese Uptake Mutants