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Data deduplication technologies are widely exploited to reduce capacity demands for storage. Previous chunk-based offline deduplication technologies often cause serious performance overhead due to data chunking and indexing. Particularly, they are not efficient for  non-volatile memory  (NVM) based storage systems because they cannot fully exploit the byte-addressability feature of NVMs for fine-grained deduplication. In this paper, we propose  I/O Causality based In-line Deduplication  (ICID) to maximize the deduplication ratio for NVM-based storage systems. Unlike previous inline deduplication schemes that use hash indexes to identify duplicate data slices, ICID records memory-copy operations in a B-tree structure to achieve causality-based inline deduplication. We propose two novel techniques to manage memory-copy records in the B-tree efficiently. First, to speed up the B-tree lookup, we group memory-copy records targeted to the same page in a B-tree node to improve data locality. Second, we exploit the spatial locality of memory accesses to identify outdated memory-copy records, and delete them in time to reduce memory consumption of the B-tree. We evaluate ICID in a system equipped with Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory Modules. For a typical KV store&#x2013;LevelDB, our experimental results show that ICID achieves up to 16  $\boldsymbol{\times}$    &#x000D7;higher deduplication ratio and reduces the time cost of data deduplication by 47% on average compared with state-of-the-art deduplication schemes.

I/O Causality Based In-Line Data Deduplication for Non-Volatile Memory Enabled Storage Systems