Identification and characterization of embryonic stem cell‐derived pacemaker and atrial cardiomyocytes

The aim of this study was to identify and functionally characterize cardiac subtypes during early stages of development. For this purpose, transgenic embryonic stem cells were generated using the α‐myosin heavy chain promoter driving the expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP‐positive clusters of cells were first observed as early as 7 days of development, thus, even before the initiation of the contractile activity. Flow cytometry and single‐cell fluorescence measurements evidenced large diversities of EGFP intensity. Patch‐clamp experiments showed EGFP expression exclusively in pacemaker and atrial but not ventricular cells. The highest fluorescence intensities were detected in pacemaker‐like cardiomyocytes. In accordance, multielectrode‐array recordings of whole embryoid bodies confirmed that the pacemaker center coincided with strongly EGFP‐positive areas. The cardiac subtypes displayed already at this early stage differential characteristics of electrical activity and ion channel expression. Thus, quantitation of the α‐myosin heavy chain driven reporter gene expression allows identification and functional characterization of early cardiac subtypes.