Reply to Grubler and Pachauri: Developing national obligations from individual emissions

↵2Present address: ICF International, Fairfax, VA 22031. We thank Grubler and Pachauri (1) for a careful reading of our PNAS article (2). In this response, we would like to further discuss their three main objections and provide some additional explanation. Grubler and Pachauri (1) criticize our first order assumption of no change in inequality over time at the regional level, suggesting—after Kuznets—that a country's inequality first grows and then falls with economic development. Unfortunately, empirical evidence for the Kuznets curve hypothesis is extremely weak and has been disputed in several recent papers (3, 4 …