Withanolide-Type Steroids from Physalis nicandroides Inhibit HIV Transcription

The aim of the present study is to report the isolation, structural elucidation, and antiviral evaluation of four new withanolide-type steroids, named nicansteroidins A-D ( 1 - 4 ), together with nine related known compounds ( 5 - 13 ) isolated from the aerial parts of Physalis nicandroides . Their structures were established based on an extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Outstandingly, nicansteroidins A and B possess an unusual side chain with an exocyclic double bond on the δ-lactone system, whereas nicansteroidins C and D have an uncommon cycloperoxide functionality in ring A as distinct structural motifs. Their biological evaluation as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication revealed that two compounds from this series, 7 and 13 , displayed strong inhibition of HIV-1 replication with IC 50 values lower than 2 μM. Moreover, cellular mechanism experiments showed that the main target of these compounds in the HIV replication cycle is viral transcription. This study is the first report of withanolide-type steroids as HIV inhibitors and provides insight into their potential as candidates for further preclinical studies.