Molecular mechanism of suppression of MDR1 by puerarin from Pueraria lobata via NF‐κB pathway and cAMP‐responsive element transcriptional activity‐dependent up‐regulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase in breast cancer MCF‐7/adr cells

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy and its inhibition is an effective way to reverse cancer drug resistance. In the present study, we investigated that puerarin, a natural isoflavonoid from Pueraria lobata , down‐regulated MDR1 expression in MCF‐7/adriamycin (MCF‐7/adr), a human breast MDR cancer cell line. Puerarin treatment significantly inhibited MDR1 expression, MDR1 mRNA and MDR1 promoter activity in MCF‐7/adr cells. The suppression of MDR1 was accompanied by partial recovery of intracellular drug accumulation, leading to increased toxicity of adriamycin and fluorescence of rhodamine 123, indicating that puerarin reversed the MDR phenotype by inhibiting the drug efflux function of MDR1. Moreover, nuclear factor κ‐B activity and IκB degradation were inhibited by puerarin. Puerarin stimulated AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β phosphorylation, but puerarin decreased cAMP‐responsive element‐binding protein phosphorylation. The puerarin‐induced suppression of MDR1 expression was reduced by AMPK inhibitor (compound C). Furthermore, both MDR1 protein expression and the transcriptional activity of cAMP‐responsive element (CRE) were inhibited by puerarin and protein kinase A/CRE inhibitor (H89). Taken together, our results suggested that puerarin down‐regulated MDR1 expression via nuclear factor κ‐B and CRE transcriptional activity‐dependent up‐regulation of AMPK in MCF‐7/adr cells.