Constitutive phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Smad3 are correlated with increased collagen gene transcription in activated hepatic stellate cells

Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the main producers of type I collagen in fibrotic liver, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) plays critical roles in stimulating collagen gene expression in the cells mainly at the level of transcription. We have previously identified an upstream sequence of α2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) that is essential for its basal and TGF‐β‐stimulated transcription in skin fibroblasts and HSC. We designated this region the TGF‐β‐responsive element (TbRE). Recently Smad3, an intracellular mediator of TGF‐β signal transduction, has been shown to bind to the TbRE and stimulate COL1A2 transcription when overexpressed in skin fibroblasts. In the present study, we demonstrate increased transcription of COL1A2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) genes and low response to TGF‐β in an activated HSC clone derived from a cirrhotic liver. Western blot analyses indicated constitutive phosphorylation of Smad3 in the cells. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that, in contrast to Smad2 that translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus upon TGF‐β treatment, Smad3 and Smad4 were present in the nucleus irrespective of ligand stimulation. Increased COL1A2 and PAI‐1 gene transcription in the cells was not affected by overexpression of inhibitory Smad7. Altogether, the results correlate abnormality in TGF‐β/Smad signaling with pathologically accelerated collagen gene transcription in activated HSC. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.