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We embark on a systematical analysis of the quark and gluon gravitationalform factors (GFFs) of the proton, by connecting energy-momentum tensor (EMT)and the near-threshold vector meson photoproduction (NTVMP). Concretely, thequark contributions of GFFs are determined by global fitting the cross sectionof the lightest vector meson $\rho^0$ photoproduction. Combined with the gluonGFFs achieved from heavy quarkonium $J/\psi$ photoproduction data, the completeGFFs are obtained and compared with the experimental results and Lattice QCDdeterminations. In addition, we use the Resonances Via Pad\'{e} (RVP) methodbased on the Schlessinger Point Method (SPM) to obtain a model-independentquark $D$-term distribution by direct analytical continuation of Deep VirtualCompton Scattering (DVCS) experimental data. If errors are considered, theresults obtained by RVP are basically consistent with those obtained by NTVMP.Moreover, the comprehensive information on GFFs helps us to uncover the massdistribution and mechanical properties inside the proton. This work is not onlyan important basis for delving the proton enigmatic properties, unraveling thesecrets of the proton internal nature but also have significance theoreticalguiding for future JLab and EICs experimental measurements.

Gravitational form factors of the proton from near-threshold vector meson photoproduction