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Context: Contemporary software development organizations lack diversity andthe ratios of women in Free and open-source software (FOSS) communities areeven lower than the industry average. Although the results of recent studieshint the existence of biases against women, it is unclear to what extent suchbiases influence the outcomes of various software development tasks.  Aim: We aim to identify whether the outcomes of or participation in codereviews (or pull requests) are influenced by the gender of a developer..  Approach: With this goal, this study includes a total 1010 FOSS projects. Wedeveloped six regression models for each of the 14 dataset (i.e., 10 Gerritbased and four Github) to identify if code acceptance, review intervals, andcode review participation differ based on the gender and gender neutral profileof a developer.  Key findings: Our results find significant gender biases during codeacceptance among 13 out of the 14 datasets, with seven seven favoring men andthe remaining six favoring women. We also found significant differences betweenmen and women in terms of code review intervals, with women encountering longerdelays in three cases and the opposite in seven. Our results indicate reviewerselection as one of the most gender biased aspects among most of the projects,with women having significantly lower code review participation among 11 out ofthe 14 cases. Since most of the review assignments are based on invitations,this result suggests possible affinity biases among the developers.  Conclusion: Though gender bias exists among many projects, direction andamplitude of bias varies based on project size, community and culture. Similarbias mitigation strategies may not work across all communities, ascharacteristics of biases and their underlying causes differ.

Code Reviews in Open Source Projects : How Do Gender Biases Affect Participation and Outcomes?