English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Governments have implemented school closures and online learning as one ofthe main tools to reduce the spread of Covid-19. Despite the potential benefitsin terms of reduction of cases, the educational costs of these policies may bedramatic. This work identifies the educational costs, expressed as decrease intest scores, for the whole universe of Italian students attending the 5th, 8thand 13th grade of the school cycle during the 2021/22 school year. The analysisrelies on a difference-in-difference model in relative time, where the controlgroup is the closest generation before the Covid-19 pandemic. The resultssuggest a national average loss between 1.6-4.1% and 0.5-2.4% in Mathematicsand Italian test scores, respectively. After collecting the precise number ofdays of school closures for the universe of students in Sicily, we estimatethat 30 additional days of closure decrease the test score by 1%. However, theimpact is much larger for students from high schools (1.8%) compared tostudents from low and middle schools (0.5%). This is likely explained by thelower relevance of parental inputs and higher reliance on peers inputs, withinthe educational production function, for higher grades. Findings are alsoheterogeneous across class size and parental job conditions, pointing towardspotential growing inequalities driven by the lack of in front teaching.

Will the last be the first? School closures and educational outcomes