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The intentional yaw misalignment of leading, upwind turbines in a wind farm,termed wake steering, has demonstrated potential as a collective controlapproach for wind farm power maximization. The optimal control strategy, andresulting effect of wake steering on wind farm power production, are in partdictated by the power degradation of the upwind yaw misaligned wind turbines.In the atmospheric boundary layer, the wind speed and direction may varysignificantly over the wind turbine rotor area, depending on atmosphericconditions and stability, resulting in freestream turbine power productionwhich is asymmetric as a function of the direction of yaw misalignment andwhich varies during the diurnal cycle. In this study, we propose a model forthe power production of a wind turbine in yaw misalignment based on aerodynamicblade elements which incorporates the effects of wind speed and directionchanges over the turbine rotor area in yaw misalignment. A field experiment isperformed using multiple utility-scale wind turbines to characterize the powerproduction of yawed freestream operating turbines depending on the windconditions, and the model is validated using the experimental data. Theresulting power production of a yaw misaligned variable speed wind turbinedepends on a nonlinear interaction between the yaw misalignment, theatmospheric conditions, and the wind turbine control system.

Influence of atmospheric conditions on the power production of utility-scale wind turbines in yaw misalignment