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Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful tool for vibrationalspectroscopy as it provides several orders of magnitude higher sensitivity thaninherently weak spontaneous Raman scattering by exciting localized surfaceplasmon resonance (LSPR) on metal substrates. However, SERS is not veryreliable, especially for use in life sciences, since it sacrificesreproducibility and biocompatibility due to its strong dependence on "hotspots" and large photothermal heat generation. Here we report a metal-free(i.e., LSPR-free), topologically tailored nanostructure composed of porouscarbon nanowires in an array as a SERS substrate that addresses the decades-oldproblem. Specifically, it offers not only high signal enhancement due to itsstrong broadband charge-transfer resonance, but also extraordinarily highreproducibility or substrate-to-substrate, spot-to-spot, sample-to-sample, andtime-to-time consistency in SERS spectrum due to the absence of hot spots andhigh compatibility to biomolecules due to its fluorescence quenching andnegligible denaturation capabilities. These excellent properties make SERSsuitable for practical use in diverse biomedical applications.

Porous carbon nanowire array for highly sensitive, biocompatible, reproducible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy