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IP headers include a 16-bit ID field. Our work examines the generation ofthis field in Windows (versions 8 and higher), Linux and Android, and showsthat the IP ID field enables remote servers to assign a unique ID to eachdevice and thus be able to identify subsequent transmissions sent from thatdevice. This identification works across all browsers and over network changes.In modern Linux and Android versions, this field leaks a kernel address, thuswe also break KASLR.  Our work includes reverse-engineering of the Windows IP ID generation code,and a cryptanalysis of this code and of the Linux kernel IP ID generation code.It provides practical techniques to partially extract the key used by each ofthese algorithms, overcoming different implementation issues, and observingthat this key can identify individual devices. We deployed a demo (for Windows)showing that key extraction and machine fingerprinting works in the wild, andtested it from networks around the world.

From IP ID to Device ID and KASLR Bypass (Extended Version)