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In this paper, two moment balancing schemes, namely a variable index schemeand a fixed index scheme, for either single insertion/deletion error correctionor multiple substitution error correction are introduced for coded sequencesoriginally developed for correcting substitution errors only. By judiciouslyflipping bits of the original substitution error correcting code word, theresulting word is able to correct either a reduced number of substitutionerrors or a single insertion/deletion error. The number of flips introduced bythe two schemes can be kept small compared to the code length. It shows apractical value of applying the schemes to a long substitution error correctingcode for a severe channel where substitution errors dominate butinsertion/deletion errors can occur with a low probability. The new schemes canbe more easily implemented in an existing coding system than any previouslypublished moment balancing templates since no additional parity bits arerequired which also means the code rate remains same and the existingsubstitution error correcting decoder requires no changes. Moreover, the workextends the class of Levenshtein codes capable of correcting either singlesubstitution or single insertion/deletion errors to codes capable of correctingeither multiple substitution errors or single insertion/deletion error.

Bit Flipping Moment Balancing Schemes for Insertion, Deletion and Substitution Error Correction