English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) is becoming an attractivetechnology for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) since it offershigh-speed communication links. Although UOWC overcomes the drawbacks ofacoustic and radio frequency communication channels such as high latency andlow data rate, yet, it has its own limitations. One of the major limitations ofUOWC is its limited transmission range which demands to develop a multi-hopnetwork with efficient routing protocols. Currently, the routing protocols forUOWSNs are centralized having high complexity and large end-to-end delay. Inthis article, first, we present the existing routing protocols for UOWSNs.Based on the existing protocols, we then propose distributed routing protocolsto address the problems of high complexity and large end-to-end delay.Numerical results have been provided to show that the proposed routing protocolis superior to the existing protocols in terms of complexity and end-to-enddelay. Finally, we have presented open research directions in UOWSNs.

On Distributed Routing in Underwater Optical Wireless Sensor Networks