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Wear on total knee replacements (TKRs) is an important criterion for theirperformance characteristics. Numerical simulations of such wear has seenincreasing attention over the last years. They have the potential to be muchfaster and less expensive than the in vitro tests in use today. While it isunlikely that in silico tests will replace actual physical tests in theforeseeable future, a judicious combination of both approaches can help makingboth implant design and pre-clinical testing quicker and more cost-effective.  The challenge today for the design of simulation methods is to obtain resultsthat convey quantitative information, and to do so quickly and reliably. Thisinvolves the choice of mathematical models as well as the numerical tools usedto solve them. The correctness of the choice can only be validated by comparingwith experimental results.  In this paper we present finite element simulations of the wear in TKRsduring the gait cycle standardized in the ISO 14243-1 document, used forcompliance testing in several countries. As the ISO 14243-1 standard isprecisely defined and publicly available, it can serve as an excellentbenchmark for comparison of wear simulation methods. Our novel contactalgorithm works without Lagrange multipliers and penalty methods, achievingunparalleled stability and efficiency. We compare our simulation results withthe experimental data from physical tests using two different actual TKRs, eachtest being performed three times. We can closely predict the total mass lossdue to wear after five million gait cycles. We also observe a good matchbetween the wear patterns seen in experiments and our simulation results.

Simulating Wear On Total Knee Replacements