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When providing frequency regulation in a pay-for-performance market,batteries need to carefully balance the trade-off between following regulationsignals and their degradation costs in real-time. Existing battery controlstrategies either do not consider mismatch penalties in pay-for-performancemarkets, or cannot accurately account for battery cycle aging mechanism duringoperation. This paper derives an online control policy that minimizes a batteryowner's operating cost for providing frequency regulation in apay-for-performance market. The proposed policy considers an accurateelectrochemical battery cycle aging model, and is applicable to most types ofbattery cells. It has a threshold structure, and achieves near-optimalperformance with respect to an offline controller that has complete futureinformation. We explicitly characterize this gap and show it is independent ofthe duration of operation. Simulation results with both synthetic and realregulation traces are conducted to illustrate the theoretical results.

Optimal Regulation Response of Batteries Under Cycle Aging Mechanisms