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This article focuses on the security assessment of electricity DistributionNetworks (DNs) with vulnerable Distributed Energy Resource (DER) nodes. Theadversary model is simultaneous compromise of DER nodes by strategicmanipulation of generation set-points. The loss to the defender (DN operator)includes loss of voltage regulation and cost of induced load control undersupply-demand mismatch caused by the attack. A 3-stageDefender-Attacker-Defender (DAD) game is formulated: in Stage 1, the defenderchooses a security strategy to secure a subset of DER nodes; in Stage 2, theattacker compromises a set of vulnerable DERs and injects false generationset-points; in Stage 3, the defender responds by controlling loads anduncompromised DERs. Solving this trilevel optimization problem is hard due tononlinear power flows and mixed-integer decision variables. To address thischallenge, the problem is approximated by a tractable formulation based onlinear power flows. The set of critical DER nodes and the set-pointmanipulations characterizing the optimal attack strategy are computed. Aniterative greedy approach to compute attacker-defender strategies for theoriginal nonlinear problem is proposed. These results provide guidelines foroptimal security investment and defender response in pre- and post-attackconditions, respectively.

Security Assessment of Electricity Distribution Networks under DER Node Compromises