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Since the 1920s, the ketogenic diet has been widely and successfully used to treat children who have drug-resistant epilepsy. However, it was only a decade ago that the ketogenic diet was not seen anymore as an “alternative” treatment of last resort. It has indeed become more frequently used throughout the world. The aim of this study was to review the available knowledge about ketogenic diet: action mechanism, efficacy, tolerance, adverse side effects. Many children with epilepsy do not respond satisfactorily well to the conventional pharmacological therapy, but to the ketogenic diet, a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet. The ketogenic diet leads to an increase of blood ketonic bodies’ level and recent reports show that blood ketonic bodies and their components (d-beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) have neuroprotective effect for acute and chronic neurological disorders. Thus, the ketogenic diet may ultimately be useful in the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. The introduction of a ketogenic diet requires a multidisciplinary approach. It is used in the epilepsy’s clinical treatment, in order to decrease cerebral excitability. Recent studies suggest that the ketogenic diet may be both anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic. Besides the reduction in the number of crisis, positive cognitive effects have been described. The mechanisms of action are not fully understood, but both antiseizure and antiepileptogenic effects were proposed. Approximately 20%-30% of epileptic patients do not respond adequately to the drug treatment. In this population, a dietary treatment has been considered as an important, effective and safe therapeutic resource. Many observational and review studies validate the ketogenic diet’s benefits.

Dieta cetogênica: como o uso de uma dieta pode interferir em mecanismos neuropatológicos