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Recently, the energy efficiency in mobile networks gained a great interest in the scientific community. In [1] it is shown that the mobile networks consume about 0.5% of the global energy, and the prospect is to double that consumption in the next five years. In [2] the authors suggest a strategy for deploying heterogeneous networks as a solution to reduce the total energy consumption of the network. This solution employs the use of small cells along with macro cells to improve the coverage and the network experience of the user. The macro cells better serve the outdoor users but have difficulties with indoor users [3], which according to [4], it represents approximately 70% of all mobile traffic. The use of small cells, such as femtocells, in indoor environment meets in an efficient way the users of that environment [3]. However, in the studies [2], [5] and [6], it was found that in heterogeneous networks the backhaul represents a significant portion of the energy consumption being pointed as a possible bottleneck for the growth of the heterogeneous network. Therefore, the backhaul cannot be neglected as the heterogeneous network is popularized. Thus, currently the total energy consumption for heterogeneous mobile networks has been considered as the sum of the consumption generated by the wireless part and the backhaul segment.

Evaluation of the Energy Impact on Indoor Small Cells and Backhaul