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espanolEste estudio analiza la vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes a partir de la autoestima y el consumo de sustancias, y la proteccion o riesgo del estilo de socializacion. La muestra fue de 1445 adolescentes espanoles (59.4% mujeres), 600 tempranos de 12 a 15 anos (41.5%) y 845 tardios de 16 a 17 anos (58.5%). Las familias se clasificaron en una de las cuatro tipologias: indulgente, autorizativa, autoritaria y negligente. El ajuste de los hijos se midio con autoestima (emocional, familiar y fisica) y consumo de sustancias (alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y drogas de sintesis). Los resultados mostraron que en la adolescencia tardia la vulnerabilidad fue mayor que en la temprana. Se encontro una interaccion entre la etapa de la adolescencia y el sexo. Los adolescentes tardios presentaron mayor consumo de sustancias (aunque no las adolescentes) en cannabis y drogas de sintesis. La menor autoestima emocional correspondio a las adolescentes tardias y la menor autoestima familiar a los adolescentes tardios. El estilo parental no interactuo con la etapa de la adolescencia ni con el sexo. El estilo indulgente igualo, o incluso mejoro, la proteccion respecto del autorizativo, mientras que los estilos parentales autoritario y negligente actuaron como factores de riesgo. EnglishThis study analyzes adolescents’ vulnerability based on self-esteem and substance use, with parenting style as a protective or risk factor. The sample was composed of 1445 Spanish adolescents (59.4% females), 600 early (41.5%, from 12 to 15 years old) and 845 late (58.5%, from 16 to 17 years old) adolescents. Families were classified in one of four typologies: Indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful. Adolescents’ adjustment was captured through self-esteem (emotional, family, and physical) and substance use (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and synthetic drugs). Results showed that vulnerability was greater in late adolescence than in early adolescence. An interaction was found between the adolescent stage and gender. Male late adolescents had higher substance use of cannabis and synthetic drugs. The lowest emotional self-esteem corresponded to female late adolescents, and the lowest family self-esteem corresponded to male late adolescents. The parenting style did not interact with the stage of adolescence or gender. The indulgent parenting style was associated with equal or even greater protection than the authoritative parenting style against psychosocial maladjustment problems in adolescence, whereas the authoritarian and neglectful parenting styles acted as risk factors.

Desajuste psicosocial en la adolescencia: socialización parental, autoestima y uso de sustancias