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These terms reflect a recurrent theme, and recurrent confusion, in geography, at least in English-speaking countries. In shortest form the thought has been expressed in terms of "main-land relationships" or, more formally, as "the influences of natural environment on man." Indeed at the turn of the century and for nearly a generation follow ing, this expression was commonly stated as the purpose of study in geography. So familiar were these terms that they were seldom if ever defined. The author of The Nature of Geography writing in 1939 assumed that "anyone can understand the meaning of natural environment' and, so far as I know, there is very general agreement among geo graphers as to exactly what it includes." And yet when two careful scholars from another field examined this concept a decade later, they found no clear agreement among geographers. Hence in re examining the subject, In my "Perspective on the Nature of Geo graphy," in 1959, I looked more sharply at these terms, but the sudden development since then of concern over what man has done to 'nature', -the world wide-concern for our "environment" -has caused geographers to restore this term to a central place in our thinking. If we are to contribute light, rather than merely propa ganda, we need to clarify just what we mean in using these terms. First, concerning the term nature' and its adjective 'natural', in the broadest sense these terms, in Western European languages, were formerly used to denote the objective world outside of the observer's mind-this was common in the writings of Humboldt, Ritter, and many others a century or more ago. In more common usage natural' was, and is, often taken to mean something inherent and not arbitra

CHANGING CONCEPTS IN GEOGRAPHY OF NATURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND MAN