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Biodiversity hypothesis explaining the rise of chronic inflammatory disorders – allergy and asthma among them – in urbanized populations? 1 Department of Allergy, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. 2 Department of Biosciences, Helsinki University, Finland. Braz J Allergy Immunol. 2013;1(1):5-7. Tari Haahtela, MD1, Leena von Hertzen, PhD1, Ilkka Hanski, PhD2 Human commensals are no longer seen as passive bystanders or transient passengers, but rather and increasingly as active and essential participants in the development and maintenance of the barrier function and immunological tolerance. A suddenly reduced abundance or diversity of these microorganisms, previously ubiquitous, may have led to failures in regulating and restoring appropriate immune and inflammatory responses. Evidence indicates that alterations in the indigenous microbiota correlate with inflammatory disease states, and it is well known that inflammation is a cardinal feature of clinical conditions, including asthma and allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and many forms of cancer. This review focuses on the novel “biodiversity hypothesis”, which could be regarded as an extension of the hygiene hypothesis and microbial deprivation, or microbiota hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, population growth (urbanization) leads to loss of biodiversity (poor macrobiota/microbiota), poor human microbiota (dysbiosis), immune dysfunction (poor tolerance), inflammation, and finally clinical disease.

Biodiversity hypothesis explaining the rise of chronic inflammatory disorders - allergy and asthma among them - in urbanized populations?