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HIV treatment has been greatly impacted by transmitted resistance to antiretrovirals (ARV). Several studies have documented resistance in naive individuals and estimates of transmitted drug resistance mutations range from <5% to as high as 25%.  Washington, D.C. has one of the highest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence rates in the United States (3.2% in 2009), but local data regarding the frequency of major mutations and antiretroviral (ARV) resistance has been limited. Medical records of HIV positive, ARV-naive adults at two facilities in Washington, D.C., The George Washington University Medical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, were retrospectively analyzed in subjects who had genotypic resistance testing from 2007 to 2010. Of 407 ARV-naive patients, at least one transmitted drug resistance mutation was detected in 17% of our patients, with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) mutations observed in 15%. Among patients with at least one reverse transcriptase (RT) or major protease region (Pr) resistance mutation, 85% had resistance against a single ARV class. Dual and triple class resistance mutations were seen in 8 patients (2%) and 3 patients (0.7%), respectively.  Most of the multiple class resistance was seen in 2010.  A gradual increase in NNRTI resistance was noted during 2008 to 2010. Our prevalence of transmitted RT, major Pr mutations (17.4%) and ARV resistance (8.6%) were high but similar to rates reported by others within the United States.  Given the high HIV prevalence in the District of Columbia, this has important implications for treatment of these ARV-naive patients.       Key words:  HIV, Washington D.C., naive to antiretrovirals, transmitted drug resistance, transmitted drug resistance mutations, antiretroviral mutations.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Washington, D.C.: Prevalence of antiretroviral resistance in treatment nave patients from 2007 to 2010