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Tsunamis are one of the most awful natural disasters that can cause catastrophic damage to both human life and socioeconomic property. When a tsunami reaches a coast, it may appear as a rapidly falling or rising tide or a series of breaking waves. When a tsunami reaches the shore, part of the tsunami wave is reflected offshore, but most of it slows down, increases in height, runs up towards the land with huge energy, and causes massive destruction on the coast and in the hinterlands. Mitigation, preparedness, and escape are representative countermeasures to protect human lives and infrastructure facilities from natural hazards. Mitigation techniques are broadly categorized in two ways. These are artificial methods (hard solutions) and natural methods (soft solutions utilizing a natural buffer zone of coastal vegetation, sand dunes, lagoons, or coral reefs). Artificial methods are mainly kinds of sea walls (huge embankments, tsunami gates) that can be constructed on the coastal area for any predicted tsunami height. However, the construction costs of the artificial methods can be very high, which restricts development in many cases. Some developed countries like Japan, which has frequent tsunamis or storm surge threats, have employed such techniques. On the other hand, the use of coastal vegetation as a natural method for disaster mitigation was also discussed in Japan more than 100 years ago (Honda, 1898). Recently, natural methods have been widely understood to reduce the tsunami energy remarkably, although they cannot completely stop the tsunami itself, and their effectiveness depends on the magnitude of the tsunami and the type of vegetation structure (Tanaka et al., 2007). Shuto (1987) analyzed the effects and limitations of coastal vegetation from historical records of tsunamis that occurred in Japan. Especially, since the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami (Dengler & Preuss, 2003), many researchers have begun investigating the effects of coastal vegetation on tsunami mitigation using water flume experiments (Harada & Imamura, 2000), field investigations and numerical simulations (Hiraishi & Harada, 2003). After the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004, further research was conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of coastal vegetation (Danielsen et al., 2005; Kathiresan & Rajendran, 2005, 2006; Dahdouh-Guebas et al., 2005; Harada & Imamura, 2006; Tanaka & Sasaki, 2007; Tanaka et al., 2006a, 2006b, 2007; Sasaki et al., 2007; Nandasena et al., 2007) in

Effectiveness and Limitations of Vegetation Bioshield in Coast for Tsunami Disaster Mitigagation