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Autonomous recording units (ARUs) show promise for improving the spatial and temporal coverage of biodiversity monitoring programs, and for improving the resolution with which the behaviors of animals can be monitored on small spatial scales. Most ARUs, however, provide the user with little to no ability to determine the direction of an incoming sound, a shortcoming that limits the utility of ARU recordings for assessing the abundance of animals. We present a recording system constructed from two Wildlife Acoustics SM3 recording units that can estimate the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of an incoming signal with high accuracy. Field tests of this system revealed that 95% of sounds were estimated within 12° of the true DOA in the azimuth angle and 9° in the elevation angle, and that the system was largely robust to background noise and accurate to at least 30 m. We tested the ability of the system to discriminate up to four simulated birds singing simultaneously and show that the system generally performed well at this task, but, as expected, fainter and longer sounds were more likely to be overlapped and therefore undetected by the system. We propose that a microphone system that can estimate the DOA of sounds, such as the system presented here, may improve the ability of ARUs to assess abundance during biodiversity surveys by facilitating more accurate localization of sounds in three dimensions

Direction-of-arrival estimation of animal vocalizations for monitoring animal behavior and improving estimates of abundance