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Urban atmosphere may play as a harbinger for the future climate change with respect to temperature and concentration. The Seoul metropolitan area is unique in rapid urbanization and industrialization during the last several decades, providing a natural dome with increased temperature. This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using the urban-rural environmental gradient in replacement of the IPCC mid-term scenario (after 30-50 years). For this, we measured atmospheric concentration and air temperature at three sites with different degree of urbanization (Seoul, Suwon, and Icheon). Results from 11-month measurement can be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean concentration across 3 sites was in the order of Seoul (439 ppm) > Suwon (419 ppm) > Icheon (416 ppm), showing a substantial urban-rural environmental gradient. (2) The diurnal fluctuation in concentration was greater in summer than in winter, showing the effect of photosynthesis on local concentration. (3) The daily maximum concentration was observed at 0500 LST in spring and summer, 0800 LST in autumn, and 0900 LST in winter, showing the sunrise-time dependence. (4) The observed hourly maximum concentration averaged for the whole period was 446 ppm in Seoul at 0700 LST, while the minimum was 407 ppm in Suwon at 1500 LST. (5) Compared with the background atmospheric concentration of in Anmyeon-do (377.4 ppm annual mean), concentration of the study sites was higher by 14% in Seoul, by 10% in Suwon, and by 9% in Icheon. The observed concentration in Seoul reached already 98% of the 2030-2040 projection (450 ppm) and 80% of the 2040-2050 projection (550 ppm) under the IPCC BAU scenario, showing a feasibility of using the dome of Seoul as a natural experimental setting for the mid-term climate change impact assessment.

Preliminary Report of Observed Urban - Rural Gradient of Carbon Dioxide Concentration across Seoul, Suwon, and Icheon in South Korea