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. Globally, most bare-looking areas in dryland regions arecovered by biocrusts which play a crucial role in modifying several soilsurface properties and driving key ecosystem processes. These keystonecommunities face important threats (e.g. climate change) that placetheir conservation at risk and in turn the sustainability of the ecosystemsthey inhabit. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop ecosystemmanagement strategies to ensure their protection. However, to provide asolid path towards biocrust conservation, theunderstanding by stakeholders and governance structures of theecological functions of these communities, their role as benefit providers,and the pressures threatening their important effects are indispensable. Whereas theecological scope of biocrust has been widely studied in the last decades,the social dimension of their role remained unexplored. By reviewingliterature in biocrusts from a social–ecological approach, here weidentified knowledge gaps and new research areas that need to be addressedin order to produce scientific knowledge that better guides drylandconservation policies and actions. This researchagenda is a prerequisite to advance biocrust conservation.

Identifying social–ecological gaps to promote biocrust conservation actions