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. Biological control of pests aims at lowering population levels of pestspecies by favouring natural enemies, in order to reduce the use ofpesticides. The movement behaviour of natural enemies is decisive in thesuccess of biological control: when low habitat quality hinders the diffusionof natural enemies from the border, the density of natural enemies mayfrequently be heterogeneous inside agricultural plots. We hypothesise that the specific relationship between habitat quality andmovement behaviour may allow the improvement of biological control by meansof a careful allocation of habitat qualities inside and around the plot. We used three tested individual-based movement models, with different levelsof complexity ranging from simple cell-to-cell movements to complexstrategies including the sinuosity of the path, boundary crossings,perceptual range, and directional persistence. We used the models to explorehow the manipulation of habitat quality may allow significant improvementsto the residence time of natural enemies inside the field. We suggest thatexisting field designs are generally inadequate to retain natural enemies.Mechanistic explanations leading to the highest and lowest residence timesare used to draw specific management recommendations.

Keep your enemies closer: enhancing biological control through individual movement rules to retain natural enemies inside the field