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. Greenhouse-gas-driven global temperature change projections exhibit spatialvariations, meaning that certain land areas will experience substantiallyenhanced or reduced surface warming. It is vital to understand enhancedregional warming anomalies as they locally increase heat-related risks tohuman health and ecosystems. We argue that tropospheric lapse-rate changesplay a key role in shaping the future summer warming pattern around the globe in mid-latitudes and the tropics. We present multiple lines of evidence supporting this finding based on idealized simulations over Europe, as well as regional and global climate model ensembles. All simulations consistently show that the vertical distribution of tropospheric summer warming is different in regions characterized by enhanced or reduced surface warming. Enhanced warming is projected where lapse-rate changes are small, implying that the surface and the upper troposphere experience similar warming. On the other hand, strong lapse-rate changes cause a concentration of warming in the upper troposphere and reduced warming near the surface. The varying magnitude of lapse-rate changes is governed by the temperature dependence of the moist-adiabatic lapse rate and the available tropospheric humidity. We conclude that tropospheric temperature changes should be considered along with surface processes when assessing the causes of surface warming patterns.

Future summer warming pattern under climate change is affected by lapse-rate changes