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Light-absorbing impurities in snow and ice control glacier melt as shortwave radiation represents the main component  of the surface energy balance. Here, we investigate the long-term effect of snow impurities, i.e., mineral dust and  black carbon (BC), on albedo and glacier mass balance. The analysis was performed over the period 1914–2014 for two  sites on Claridenfirn, Swiss Alps, where an outstanding 100-year record of seasonal mass balance measurements is  available. Information on atmospheric deposition of mineral dust and BC over the last century was retrieved from two  firn/ice cores of high-alpine sites. A combined mass balance and snow/firn layer model was employed to assess the  effects of melt and accumulation processes on the impurity concentration at the surface and thus on albedo  and glacier mass balance. Compared to pure snow conditions, the presence of Saharan dust and BC lowered the mean annual  albedo by 0.04–0.06 depending on the location on the glacier. Consequently, annual melt was increased by 15–19 %, and  the mean annual mass balance was reduced by about 280–490 mm w.e. BC clearly dominated absorption which is  about 3 times higher than that of mineral dust. The upper site has experienced mainly positive mass  balances and  impurity layers were continuously buried whereas at the lower site, surface albedo was more strongly influenced by  re-exposure of dust and BC-enriched layers due to frequent years with negative mass balances

The impact of Saharan dust and black carbon on albedo and long-term mass balance of an Alpine glacier