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An ocean mixed-layer model has been incorporated into the Los Alamos sea icemodel CICE to investigate regional variations in the surface-driven formationof Antarctic shelf waters. This model captures well the expected sea icethickness distribution, and produces deep (> 500 m) mixed layers in theWeddell and Ross shelf seas each winter. This results in the completedestratification of the water column in deep southern coastal regions leadingto high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) formation, and also in some shallowerregions (no HSSW formation) of these seas. Shallower mixed layers areproduced in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. By deconstructing thesurface processes driving the mixed-layer depth evolution, we show that thenet salt flux from sea ice growth/melt dominates the evolution of the mixedlayer in all regions, with a smaller contribution from the surface heat fluxand a negligible input from wind stress. The Weddell and Ross shelf seasreceive an annual surplus of mixing energy at the surface; the Amundsen shelfsea energy input in autumn/winter is balanced by energy extraction inspring/summer; and the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences an annual surfaceenergy deficit, through both a low energy input in autumn/winter and thehighest energy loss in spring/summer. An analysis of the sea ice mass balancedemonstrates the contrasting mean ice growth, melt and export in each region.The Weddell and Ross shelf seas have the highest annual ice growth, with alarge fraction exported northwards each year, whereas the Bellingshausenshelf sea experiences the highest annual ice melt, driven by the advection ofice from the northeast. A linear regression analysis is performed todetermine the link between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening andseveral atmospheric variables. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas show strongerspatial correlations (temporal mean – intra-regional variability) between theautumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variablescompared to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen. In contrast, the Amundsen andBellingshausen shelf seas show stronger temporal correlations (shelf sea mean– interannual variability) between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepeningand several atmospheric variables

Sea ice and the ocean mixed layer over the Antarctic shelf seas