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Analysis of the thermal regimeof glaciers is crucial for glacier hazard assessment, especially in thecontext of a changing climate. In particular, the transient thermal regime ofcold accumulation zones needs to be modeled. A modeling approach hastherefore been developed to determine this thermal regime using onlynear-surface boundary conditions coming from meteorological observations. Inthe first step, a surface energy balance (SEB) model accounting for waterpercolation and radiation penetration in firn was applied to identify themain processes that control the subsurface temperatures in cold firn. Resultsagree well with subsurface temperatures measured at Col du Dôme (4250 mabove sea level (a.s.l.)), France. In the second step, a simplified modelusing only daily mean air temperature and potential solar radiation wasdeveloped. This model properly simulates the spatial variability of surfacemelting and subsurface firn temperatures and was used to accuratelyreconstruct the deep borehole temperature profiles measured at Col duDôme. Results show that percolation and refreezing are efficientprocesses for the transfer of energy from the surface to underlying layers.However, they are not responsible for any higher energy uptake at thesurface, which is exclusively triggered by increasing energy flux from theatmosphere due to SEB changes when surface temperatures reach 0 °C.The resulting enhanced energy uptake makes cold accumulation zones veryvulnerable to air temperature rise

Modeling near-surface firn temperature in a cold accumulation zone (Col du Dôme, French Alps): from a physical to a semi-parameterized approach