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We carried out a study to monitor the time evolution of microstructural andphysical properties of snow during temperature gradient metamorphism: a snowslab was subjected to a constant temperature gradient in the verticaldirection for 3 weeks in a cold room, and regularly sampled in order toobtain a series of three-dimensional (3-D) images using X-ray microtomography. A large set ofproperties was then computed from this series of 3-D images: density,specific surface area, correlation lengths, mean and Gaussian curvaturedistributions, air and ice tortuosities, effective thermal conductivity, andintrinsic permeability. Whenever possible, specific attention was paid toassess these properties along the vertical and horizontal directions, and ananisotropy coefficient defined as the ratio of the vertical over thehorizontal values was deduced. The time evolution of these properties, aswell as their anisotropy coefficients, was investigated, showing thedevelopment of a strong anisotropic behavior during the experiment. Most ofthe computed physical properties of snow were then compared with twoanalytical estimates (self-consistent estimates and dilute beds of spheroids)based on the snow density, and the size and anisotropy of the microstructurethrough the correlation lengths. These models, which require only basicmicrostructural information, offer rather good estimates of the propertiesand anisotropy coefficients for our experiment without any fittingparameters. Our results highlight the interplay between the microstructureand physical properties, showing that the physical properties of snowsubjected to a temperature gradient cannot be described accurately using onlyisotropic parameters such as the density and require more refinedinformation. Furthermore, this study constitutes a detailed database on theevolution of snow properties under a temperature gradient, which can be usedas a guideline and a validation tool for snow metamorphism models at themicro- or macroscale

the cryosphere

Study of a temperature gradient metamorphism of snow from 3-D images: time evolution of microstructures, physical properties and their associated anisotropy