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Abstract. Rapid growth of proglacial lakes in the current warming climate can posesignificant outburst flood hazards, increase rates of ice mass loss, and alterthe dynamic state of glaciers. We studied the nature and rate of proglaciallake evolution at Pasterze Glacier (Austria) in the period 1998–2019 usingdifferent remote-sensing (photogrammetry, laser scanning) and fieldwork-based(global navigation satellite system – GNSS, time-lapse photography, geoelectrical resistivity tomography – ERT, andbathymetry) data. Glacier thinning below the spillway level and glacierrecession caused flooding of the glacier, initially forming a glacier-lateralto supraglacial lake with subaerial and subaquatic debris-covered dead-icebodies. The observed lake size increase in 1998–2019 followed an exponentialcurve (1998 – 1900 m2, 2019 – 304 000 m2). ERT data from 2015to 2019 revealed widespread existence of massive dead-ice bodies exceeding25 m in thickness near the lake shore. Several large-scale and rapidlyoccurring buoyant calving events were detected in the 48 m deep basinby time-lapse photography, indicating that buoyant calving is a crucialprocess for the fast lake expansion. Estimations of the ice volume losses bybuoyant calving and by subaerial ablation at a 0.35 km2 largelake-proximal section of the glacier reveal comparable values for bothprocesses (ca. 1×106 m3) for the period August 2018 toAugust 2019. We identified a sequence of processes: glacier recession into abasin and glacier thinning below the spillway level; glacio-fluvial sedimentationin the glacial–proglacial transition zone covering dead ice; initial formationand accelerating enlargement of a glacier-lateral to supraglacial lake byablation of glacier ice and debris-covered dead ice forming thermokarstfeatures; increase in hydrostatic disequilibrium leading to destabilization ofice at the lake bottom or at the near-shore causing fracturing, tilting,disintegration, or emergence of new icebergs due to buoyant calving; andgradual melting of icebergs along with iceberg capsizing events. We concludethat buoyant calving, previously not reported from the European Alps, mightplay an important role at alpine glaciers in the future as many glaciers areexpected to recede into valley or cirque overdeepenings.

Buoyant calving and ice-contact lake evolution at Pasterze Glacier (Austria) in the period 1998–2019