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Abstract. The aerodynamic roughness of glacier surfaces is animportant factor governing turbulent heat transfer. Previous studies rarelyestimated spatial and temporal variation in aerodynamic surface roughness( z0 ) over a whole glacier and whole melting season. Such observationscan do much to help us understand variation in  z0  and thus variationsin turbulent heat transfer. This study, at the August-one ice cap in theQilian mountains, collected three-dimensional ice surface data atplot scale, using both automatic and manual close-range digitalphotogrammetry. Data were collected from sampling sites spanning the wholeice cap for the whole of the melting season. The automatic site collecteddaily photogrammetric measurements from July to September of 2018 for a plotnear the center of the ice cap. During this time, snow cover gave way toice and then returned to snow.  z0  was estimated based onmicro-topographic methods from automatic and manual photogrammetric data.Manual measurements were taken at sites from the terminals to the top of the ice cap; theyshowed that  z0  was larger at the snow and ice transition zone than inareas that are fully snow or ice covered. This zone moved up the ice cap during themelting season. It is clear that persistent snowfall and rainfall bothreduce  z0 . Using data from a meteorological station near theautomatic photogrammetry site, we were able to calculate surface energybalances over the course of the melting season. We found that high or risingturbulent heat, as a component of surface energy balance, tended to produce asmooth ice surface and a smaller  z0  and that low or decreasing turbulent heattended to produce a rougher surface and larger  z0 .

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Spatial and temporal variations in glacier aerodynamic surface roughness during the melting season, as estimated at the August-one ice cap, Qilian mountains, China