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. Mountain permafrost is invisible, and mapping it is stilla challenge. Available permafrost distribution maps often overestimate thepermafrost extent and include large permafrost-free areas in theirpermafrost zonation. In addition, the representation of the lower belt ofpermafrost consisting of ice-rich features such as rock glaciers or ice-richtalus slopes can be challenging. These problems are caused by considerabledifferences in genesis and thermal characteristics between ice-poorpermafrost, occurring for example in rock walls, and ice-rich permafrost.While ice-poor permafrost shows a strong correlation of ground temperaturewith elevation and potential incoming solar radiation, ice-rich ground doesnot show such a correlation. Instead, the distribution of ice-rich ground iscontrolled by gravitational processes such as the relocation of ground iceby permafrost creep or by ground ice genesis from avalanche deposits orglacierets covered with talus. We therefore developed a mapping method which distinguishes between ice-poorand ice-rich permafrost and tested it for the entire Swiss Alps. Forice-poor ground we found a linear regression formula based on elevation andpotential incoming solar radiation which predicts borehole groundtemperatures at multiple depths with an accuracy higher than 0.6  ∘ C. The zone of ice-rich permafrost was defined by modelling the depositionzones of alpine mass wasting processes. This dual approach allows thecartographic representation of permafrost-free belts, which are boundedabove and below by permafrost. This enables a high quality of permafrostmodelling, as is shown by the validation of our map. The dominatinginfluence of the two rather simple connected factors, elevation (as a proxyfor mean annual air temperature) and solar radiation, on the distribution ofice-poor permafrost is significant for permafrost modelling in differentclimate conditions and regions. Indicating temperatures of ice-poorpermafrost and distinguishing between ice-poor and ice-rich permafrost on anational permafrost map provides new information for users.

Distinguishing ice-rich and ice-poor permafrost to map ground temperatures and ground ice occurrence in the Swiss Alps