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We present data on the distribution and thermophysical\udproperties of snow collected sporadically over 4 decades along with recent\uddata of ground surface temperature from Mont Jacques-Cartier (1268 m a.s.l.), the highest summit in the Appalachians of south-eastern Canada. We\uddemonstrate that the occurrence of contemporary permafrost is necessarily\udassociated with a very thin and wind-packed winter snow cover which brings\udlocal azonal topo-climatic conditions on the dome-shaped summit. The aims of\udthis study were (i) to understand the snow distribution pattern and snow\udthermophysical properties on the Mont Jacques-Cartier summit and (ii) to\udinvestigate the impact of snow on the spatial distribution of the ground\udsurface temperature (GST) using temperature sensors deployed over the\udsummit. Results showed that above the local treeline, the summit is\udcharacterized by a snow cover typically less than 30 cm thick which is\udexplained by the strong westerly winds interacting with the local surface\udroughness created by the physiography and surficial geomorphology of the\udsite. The snowpack structure is fairly similar to that observed on windy\udArctic tundra with a top dense wind slab (300 to 450 kg m<sup>−3</sup>) of high\udthermal conductivity, which facilitates heat transfer between the ground\udsurface and the atmosphere. The mean annual ground surface temperature\ud(MAGST) below this thin and wind-packed snow cover was about −1 °C\udin 2013 and 2014, for the higher, exposed, blockfield-covered\udsector of the summit characterized by a sporadic herbaceous cover. In\udcontrast, for the gentle slopes covered with stunted spruce (krummholz), and\udfor the steep leeward slope to the south-east of the summit, the MAGST was\udaround 3 °C in 2013 and 2014. The study concludes that the\udpermafrost on Mont Jacques-Cartier, most widely in the Chic-Choc\udMountains\udand by extension in the southern highest summits of the Appalachians, is\udtherefore likely limited to the barren wind-exposed surface of the summit\udwhere the low air temperature, the thin snowpack and the wind action bring\udlocal cold surface conditions favourable to permafrost development

the cryosphere

Wind-driven snow conditions control the occurrence of contemporary marginal mountain permafrost in the Chic-Choc Mountains, south-eastern Canada: a case study from Mont Jacques-Cartier