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In spite of the quite abundant literature focusing on fine debris depositionover glacier accumulation areas, less attention has been paid to the glaciermelting surface. Accordingly, we proposed a novel method based onsemi-automatic image analysis to estimate ice albedo from fine debriscoverage (d). Our procedure was tested on the surface of a wide Alpine valleyglacier (the Forni Glacier, Italy), in summer 2011, 2012 and 2013, acquiringparallel data sets of in situ measurements of ice albedo and high-resolutionsurface images. Analysis of 51 images yielded d values ranging from 0.01to 0.63 and albedo was found to vary from 0.06 to 0.32. The estimated d valuesare in a linear relation with the natural logarithm of measured ice albedo(R  =  −0.84). The robustness of our approach in evaluating d was analyzedthrough five sensitivity tests, and we found that it is largely replicable.On the Forni Glacier, we also quantified a mean debris coverage rate (Cr)equal to 6 g m−2 per day during the ablation season of 2013, thussupporting previous studies that describe ongoing darkening phenomena atAlpine debris-free glaciers surface. In addition to debris coverage, we alsoconsidered the impact of water (both from melt and rainfall) as a factorthat tunes albedo: meltwater occurs during the central hours of the day,decreasing the albedo due to its lower reflectivity; instead, rainfall causesa subsequent mean daily albedo increase slightly higher than 20 %,although it is short-lasting (from 1 to 4 days)

Estimating ice albedo from fine debris cover quantified by a semi-automatic method: the case study of Forni Glacier, Italian Alps