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Bryophyte and lichen cover on the forest floor at high latitudes exerts an\udinsulating effect on the ground. In this way, the cover decreases mean annual\udsoil temperature and can protect permafrost soil. Climate change, however,\udmay change bryophyte and lichen cover, with effects on the permafrost state\udand related carbon balance. It is, therefore, crucial to predict how the\udbryophyte and lichen cover will react to environmental change at the global\udscale. To date, current global land surface models contain only empirical\udrepresentations of the bryophyte and lichen cover, which makes it impractical\udto predict the future state and function of bryophytes and lichens. For this\udreason, we integrate a process-based model of bryophyte and lichen growth\udinto the global land surface model JSBACH (Jena Scheme for Biosphere–Atmosphere Coupling in Hamburg). The model simulates bryophyte and lichen cover on upland sites. Wetlands are not included. We take into account the dynamic nature of the thermal properties of the bryophyte and lichen\udcover and their relation to environmental factors. Subsequently, we compare\udsimulations with and without bryophyte and lichen cover to quantify the\udinsulating effect of the organisms on the soil.\ud  \udWe find an average cooling effect of the bryophyte and lichen cover of 2.7 K\udon temperature in the topsoil for the region north of 50° N under\udthe current climate. Locally, a cooling of up to 5.7 K may be reached. Moreover,\udwe show that using a simple, empirical representation of the bryophyte and\udlichen cover without dynamic properties only results in an average cooling of\udaround 0.5 K. This suggests that (a) bryophytes and lichens have a\udsignificant impact on soil temperature in high-latitude ecosystems and (b) a\udprocess-based description of their thermal properties is necessary for a\udrealistic representation of the cooling effect. The advanced land surface\udscheme, including a dynamic bryophyte and lichen model, will be the basis for\udan improved future projection of land–atmosphere heat and carbon exchange

Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale