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The first-order control of ice thickness and height above sea level islinked to the decreasing strength of ice-bed coupling along flowlines froman interior ice divide to the calving front of an ice shelf. Uncouplingprogresses as a frozen bed progressively thaws for sheet flow, as a thawedbed is progressively drowned for stream flow, and as lateral and/or localgrounding vanish for shelf flow. This can reduce ice thicknesses by 90 % and ice elevations by 99 % along flowlines. Original workpresented here includes (1) replacing flow and sliding laws for sheet flowwith upper and lower yield stresses for creep in cold overlying ice andbasal ice sliding over deforming till, respectively, (2) replacingintegrating the Navier–Stokes equations for stream flow with geometricalsolutions to the force balance, and (3) including resistance to shelf flowcaused by lateral confinement in a fjord and local grounding at ice rumplesand ice rises. A comparison is made between our approach and two approachesbased on continuum mechanics. Applications are made to Byrd Glacier inAntarctica and Jakobshavn Isbrae in Greenland

Sheet, stream, and shelf flow as progressive ice-bed uncoupling: Byrd Glacier, Antarctica and Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland