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In this study, the first small-scale digital surface\udmodels (DSMs) of natural penitentes on a glacier surface were produced using\uda Microsoft Xbox Kinect sensor on Tapado Glacier, Chile (30°08′ S,\ud69°55′ W). The surfaces produced by the complete processing chain\udwere within the error of standard terrestrial laser scanning techniques, but\udinsufficient overlap between scanned sections that were mosaicked to cover\udthe sampled areas can result in three-dimensional (3-D) positional errors of up to\ud0.3 m. Between November 2013 and January 2014 penitentes become fewer,\udwider and deeper, and the distribution of surface slope angles becomes more\udskewed to steep faces. Although these morphological changes cannot be\udcaptured by manual point measurements, mean surface lowering of the scanned\udareas was comparable to that derived from manual measurements of penitente\udsurface height at a minimum density of 5 m<sup>−1</sup> over a 5 m transverse\udprofile. Roughness was computed on the 3-D surfaces by applying two\udpreviously published geometrical formulae: one for a 3-D surface and one for\udsingle profiles sampled from the surface. Morphometric analysis shows that\udskimming flow is persistent over penitentes, providing conditions conducive\udfor the development of a distinct microclimate within the penitente troughs.\udFor each method a range of ways of defining the representative roughness\udelement height was used, and the calculations were done both with and\udwithout application of a zero displacement height offset to account for the\udlikelihood of skimming air flow over the closely spaced penitentes. The\udcomputed roughness values are on the order of 0.01–0.10 m during the early\udpart of the ablation season, increasing to 0.10–0.50 m after the end of\udDecember, in line with the roughest values previously published for glacier\udice. Both the 3-D surface and profile methods of computing roughness are\udstrongly dependent on wind direction. However, the two methods contradict\udeach other in that the maximum roughness computed for the 3-D surface\udcoincides with airflow across the penitente lineation, while maximum\udroughness computed for sampled profiles coincides with airflow along the\udpenitente lineation. These findings highlight the importance of determining\uddirectional roughness and wind direction for strongly aligned surface\udfeatures and also suggest more work is required to determine appropriate\udgeometrical roughness formulae for linearized features

3-D surface properties of glacier penitentes over an ablation season, measured using a Microsoft Xbox Kinect