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In this study, the fully distributed, physically based hydroclimatologicalmodel AMUNDSEN is set up for catchments in the highly glacierized ÖtztalAlps (Austria, 558 km<sup>2</sup> in total). The model is applied for theperiod 1997–2013, using a spatial resolution of 50 m and a temporalresolution of 1 h. A novel parameterization for lateral snowredistribution based on topographic openness is presented to account for thehighly heterogeneous snow accumulation patterns in the complex topography ofthe study region. Multilevel spatiotemporal validation is introduced as asystematic, independent, complete, and redundant validation procedure based onthe observation scale of temporal and spatial support, spacing, and extent.This new approach is demonstrated using a comprehensive set of eightindependent validation sources: (i) mean areal precipitation over the period1997–2006 derived by conserving mass in the closure of the water balance,(ii) time series of snow depth recordings at the plot scale,(iii–iv) multitemporal snow extent maps derived from Landsat and MODISsatellite data products, (v) the snow accumulation distribution for thewinter season 2010/2011 derived from airborne laser scanning data,(vi) specific surface mass balances for three glaciers in the study area,(vii) spatially distributed glacier surface elevation changes for the entirearea over the period 1997–2006, and (viii) runoff recordings for severalsubcatchments. The results indicate a high overall model skill and especiallydemonstrate the benefit of the new validation approach. The method can serveas guideline for systematically validating the coupled components inintegrated snow-hydrological and glacio-hydrological models

Multilevel spatiotemporal validation of snow/ice mass balance and runoff modeling in glacierized catchments