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. Forest soils are susceptible to anthropogenic acidification. In the past,acid rain was a major contributor to soil acidification, but, now thatatmospheric levels of S have dramatically declined, concern hasshifted towards biomass-induced acidification, i.e. decreasing soil solutionpH due to tree growth and harvesting events that permanently remove basecations (BCs) from forest stands. We use a novel dynamic model, HD-MINTEQ (Husby Dynamic MINTEQ), toinvestigate possible long-term impacts of two theoretical future harvestingscenarios in the year 2020, a conventional harvest (CH, which removes stemsonly), and a whole-tree harvest (WTH, which removes 100 % of theabove-ground biomass except for stumps) on soil chemistry and weatheringrates at three different Swedish forest sites (Aneboda, Gardsjon, andKindla). Furthermore, acidification following the harvesting events iscompared to the historical acidification that took place during the 20th centurydue to acid rain. Our results show that historical acidification dueto acid rain had a larger impact on pore water chemistry and mineralweathering than tree growth and harvesting, at least if nitrificationremained at a low level. However, compared to a no-harvest baseline, WTH andCH significantly impacted soil chemistry. Directly after a harvesting event(CH or WTH), the soil solution pH sharply increased for 5 to 10 years beforeslowly declining over the remainder of the simulation (until year 2080). WTHacidified soils slightly more than CH, but in certain soil horizons therewas practically no difference by the year 2080. Even though the pH in the WTHand CH scenario decreased with time as compared to the no-harvest scenario(NH), they did not drop to the levels observed around the peak of historicacidification (1980–1990), indicating that the pH decrease due to tree growthand harvesting would be less impactful than that of historic atmosphericacidification. Weathering rates differed across locations and horizons inresponse to historic acidification. In general, the predicted changes inweathering rates were very small, which can be explained by the net effect ofdecreased pH and increased Al3+ , which affected the weathering rate inopposite ways. Similarly, weathering rates after the harvesting scenarios in2020 remained largely unchanged according to the model.

soil

Assessing the impact of acid rain and forest harvest intensity with the HD-MINTEQ model – soil chemistry of three Swedish conifer sites from 1880 to 2080