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. This study focuses on soil physical aspects of soilquality and health with the objective to define procedures with worldwiderather than only regional applicability, reflecting modern developments insoil physical and agronomic research and addressing important questionsregarding possible effects of soil degradation and climate change. Incontrast to water and air, soils cannot, even after much research, becharacterized by a universally accepted quality definition and this hampersthe internal and external communication process. Soil quality expresses thecapacity of the soil to function. Biomass production is a primary function,next to filtering and organic matter accumulation, and can be modeled withsoil–water–atmosphere–plant (SWAP) simulation models, as used in theagronomic yield-gap program that defines potential yields (Yp) for anylocation on earth determined by radiation, temperature and standardized cropcharacteristics, assuming adequate water and nutrient supply and lack ofpests and diseases. The water-limited yield (Yw) reflects, in addition, theoften limited water availability at a particular location. Actual yields(Ya) can be considered in relation to Yw to indicate yield gaps, to beexpressed in terms of the indicator ( Ya / Yw ) × 100 .Soil data to calculate Yw for a given soil type (the genoform) shouldconsist of a range of soil properties as a function of past management(various phenoforms) rather than as a single representative dataset. This waya Yw-based characteristic soil quality range for every soil type isdefined, based on semipermanent soil properties. In this study effects ofsubsoil compaction, overland flow following surface compaction and erosionwere simulated for six soil series in the Destra Sele areain Italy, including effects of climate change. Recent proposals consider soilhealth, which appeals more to people than soil quality and is now defined byseparate soil physical, chemical and biological indicators. Focusing on thesoil function biomass production, physical soil health at a given time of agiven type of soil can be expressed as a point (defined by a measured Ya)on the defined soil quality range for that particular type of soil, therebydefining the seriousness of the problem and the scope for improvement. Thesix soils showed different behavior following the three types of landdegradation and projected climate change up to the year 2100. Effects areexpected to be major as reductions of biomass production of up to 50 %appear likely under the scenarios. Rather than consider soil physical,chemical and biological indicators separately, as proposed now elsewhere forsoil health, a sequential procedure is discussed, logically linking theseparate procedures.

soil

Refining physical aspects of soil quality and soil health when exploring the effects of soil degradation and climate change on biomass production: an Italian case study