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. The subhumid Chaco region of Argentina, originally covered by drysclerophyll forest, has been subjected to clearing since the end of the 1970sand replacement of the forest by no-till farming. Land use changes produced adecrease in aboveground carbon (C) stored in forests, but little is knownabout the impact on soil organic C stocks. The aim of this study was toevaluate soil C stocks and C fractions up to 1 m depth in soils underdifferent land use:  20-year continuouscropping, warm-season grass pasture and native forest in 32 sites distributedover the Chaco region. The organic C stock content up to 1 m depth expressedas equivalent mass varied as follows: forest(119.3 Mg ha−1) &gt; pasture (87.9 Mg ha−1) &gt; continuouscropping (71.9 and 77.3 Mg ha−1), with no impact of the number ofyears under cropping. The coarse particle fraction (2000–212 µm) at0–5 and 5–20 cm depth layers was the most sensitive organic carbonfraction to land use change. Resistant carbon (&lt;53 µm) was themain organic matter fraction in all sample categories except in the forest.Organic C stock, its quality and its distribution in the profile were responsiveto land use change. The conversion of the Chaco forest to crops wasassociated with a decrease of organic C stock up to 1 m depth and with thedecrease of the labile fraction. The permanent pastures of warm-seasongrasses allowed higher C stocks to be sustained than cropping systems and so couldbe considered a sustainable land use system in terms of soil C preservation.As soil organic C losses were not restricted to the first few centimetres of the soil,the development of models that would allow the estimation of soil organic Cchanges in depth would be useful to evaluate theimpact of land use change on C stocks with greater precision.

Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco