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Soils play a pivotal role in major global biogeochemical cycles (carbon,nutrient, and water), while hosting the largest diversity of organisms onland. Because of this, soils deliver fundamental ecosystem services, andmanagement to change a soil process in support of one ecosystem service caneither provide co-benefits to other services or result in trade-offs. Inthis critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understandingconcerning the biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity in soil, and relatethese to the provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystemservices which they underpin. We then outline key knowledge gaps andresearch challenges, before providing recommendations for managementactivities to support the continued delivery of ecosystem services fromsoils.  We conclude that, although soils are complex, there are still knowledge gaps,and fundamental research is still needed to better understand therelationships between different facets of soils and the array of ecosystemservices they underpin, enough is known to implement best practices now.There is a tendency among soil scientists to dwell on the complexity andknowledge gaps rather than to focus on what we do know and how thisknowledge can be put to use to improve the delivery of ecosystem services. Asignificant challenge is to find effective ways to share knowledge with soilmanagers and policy makers so that best management can be implemented. Akey element of this knowledge exchange must be to raise awareness of theecosystems services underpinned by soils and thus the natural capital theyprovide. We know enough to start moving in the right direction while weconduct research to fill in our knowledge gaps. The lasting legacy of theInternational Year of Soils in 2015 should be for soil scientists to worktogether with policy makers and land managers to put soils at the centre ofenvironmental policy making and land management decisions

Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils