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Deep earthwork activities carried out before vineyard plantation canseverely affect soil profile properties. As a result, soil features in theroot environment are often much more similar to those of the underlyingsubstratum than those of the original profile. The time needed to recoverthe original soil functions is ecologically relevant and may strongly affectvine phenology and grape yield, particularly under organic viticulture. The general aim of this work was to investigate soil resilience aftervineyard pre-planting earthworks. In particular, an old and a new vineyard,established on the same soil type, were compared over a 5-year period forsoil chemical, physical, micro- and mesobiological properties. The investigated vineyards (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Sangiovese) were located in the ChiantiClassico district (central Italy), on stony and calcareous soils, and werenot irrigated. The older vineyard was planted in 2000, after slope reshapingby bulldozing and back-hoe ploughing down to about 0.8–1.0 m. The newvineyard was planted in 2011, after equivalent earthwork practices carriedout in the summer of 2009. Both vineyards were organically managed, and theywere fertilized with compost only every autumn (1000 kg ha−1 per year). Thenew vineyard was cultivated by periodic tillage, while the old vineyard wasmanaged with alternating grass-covered and tilled inter-rows. Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm depth from fixed locations in eachvineyard every spring from 2010 to 2014. The old vineyard was sampled inboth tilled and grass-covered inter-rows. According to the results from physical and chemical analyses, the newvineyard, during the whole 2010–2014 period, showed lower total organiccarbon, total nitrogen, carbon to nitrogen ratio and electricalconductivity, along with higher silt and total CaCO3 contents than theold vineyard, suggesting still-evolving equilibrium conditions. The microarthropod analysis showed significantly different abundances andcommunity structures, in relation to both vineyard and time. Rainfallappeared to have an enhancing effect on microarthropod abundance, but only inthe old vineyard, where the biota was more structured than in the new one. Theeuedaphic forms, well adapted to soil life, were always rare.Microbiological analysis revealed a different structure of eubacterialcommunities between the old and the new vineyard in the whole period.However, the DGGE similarity values of these communities increased by about2.5% per year, suggesting that at least 3 years more are needed tocompare intra- and inter-specific diversity of the two vineyards. In conclusion, the consequences of deep earthworks on soil chemical, micro-and mesobiological properties were still evident 4 years afterplanting, indicating that more time is necessary for the recovery of soilfunctions, probably longer than the time needed to reach a state of economically viable grape production

Short-term recovery of soil physical, chemical, micro- and mesobiological functions in a new vineyard under organic farming