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Since seeds are the principle means by which plants move across thelandscape, the final fate of seeds plays a fundamental role in theassemblage, functioning and dynamics of plant communities. Once seeds landon the soil surface after being dispersed from the parent plant, they can bemoved horizontally by surface runoff. In arid and semiarid patchyecosystems, where seeds are scattered into a very heterogeneous environmentand intense rainfalls occur, the transport of seeds by runoff to new sitesmay be an opportunity for seeds to reach more favourable sites for seedgermination and seedling survival. Although seed transport by runoff may beof vital importance for the recruitment of plants in these ecosystems, ithas received little attention in the scientific literature, especially amongsoil scientists. The main goals of this review paper are (1) to offer anupdated conceptual model of seed fate with a focus on seed destiny in and onthe soil; (2) to review studies on seed fate in overland flow and theecological implications seed transport by runoff has for the origin, spatialpatterning and maintenance of patches in arid and semiarid patchyecosystems; and finally (3) to point out directions for future research.  This review shows that seed fate in overland flow may result either in theexport of seeds from the system (seed loss) or in the spatial redistributionof seeds within the system through short-distance seed movements (seeddisplacement). Seed transport by runoff depends on rainfall, slope and soilcharacteristics. Susceptibility of seed removal varies highly betweenspecies and is mainly related to seed traits, including seed size, seedshape, presence of appendages, and ability of a seed to secrete mucilage.Although initially considered as a risk of seed loss, seed removal by runoffhas recently been described as an ecological driver that shapes plantcomposition from the first phases of the plant life by favouring specieswith seeds able to resist erosion and by selecting for plant traits thatprevent seed loss. Moreover, the interaction of seed transport by overlandflow with the high seed trapping capacity of vegetated patches results in a"patch-to-patch" transport of seeds that plays a relevant role invegetation establishment and patterning in arid and semiarid patchyecosystems.  Overall, this review shows how the knowledge about seed fate in overlandflow can be used to explain a number of important characteristics of wholeplant communities. It also underlines important gaps in knowledge thatshould be filled in. Future lines of research are proposed in order tobroaden our understanding of the origin, maintenance and dynamics ofpatchiness in arid and semiarid ecosystems and to improve restorationsuccess of intensively eroded ecosystems. Among the most excitingchallenges, empirical studies are needed to understand the relevance ofshort-distance seed displacements in the origin and maintenance ofpatchiness, addressing the feedbacks between structure and function andabiotic and biotic components, in order to validate existing models aboutthe dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems and help to predict futurechanges under the scenarios of climate change

soil

The fate of seeds in the soil: a review of the influence of overland flow on seed removal and its consequences for the vegetation of arid and semiarid patchy ecosystems